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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fermion</span></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a>.</div>
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<p>In <a href="Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, a <b>fermion</b> is a <a href="Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particle</a> that follows <a href="Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac_statistics" title="Fermi–Dirac statistics">Fermi–Dirac statistics</a>. Fermions have a <a href="Half-integer" title="Half-integer">half-integer</a> spin (<a href="Spin_1/2" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin 1/2">spin <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">
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</p><p>Some fermions are <a href="Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a> (such as <a href="Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>), and some are <a href="Composite_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite particle">composite particles</a> (such as <a href="Proton" title="Proton">protons</a>). For example, according to the <a href="Spin-statistics_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-statistics theorem">spin-statistics theorem</a> in <a href="Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">relativistic</a> <a href="Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theory</a>, particles with <a href="Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> <a href="Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> are <a href="Boson" title="Boson">bosons</a>. In contrast, particles with <a href="Half-integer" title="Half-integer">half-integer</a> spin are fermions.
</p><p>In addition to the spin characteristic, fermions have another specific property: they possess conserved baryon or lepton <a href="Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">quantum numbers</a>. Therefore, what is usually referred to as the spin-statistics relation is, in fact, a spin statistics-quantum number relation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>As a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle, only one fermion can occupy a particular <a href="Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">quantum state</a> at a given time. Suppose multiple fermions have the same spatial <a href="Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">probability distribution</a>, then, at least one property of each fermion, such as its spin, must be different. Fermions are usually associated with <a href="Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, whereas bosons are generally <a href="Force_carrier" title="Force carrier">force carrier</a> particles. However, in the current state of particle physics, the distinction between the two concepts is unclear. Weakly interacting fermions can also display bosonic behavior under extreme conditions. For example, at low temperatures, fermions show <a href="Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity">superfluidity</a> for uncharged particles and <a href="Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a> for charged particles.
</p><p>Composite fermions, such as protons and <a href="Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, are the key building blocks of <a href="Baryonic_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Baryonic matter">everyday matter</a>.
</p><p>English theoretical physicist <a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> coined the name fermion from the surname of Italian physicist <a href="Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elementary_fermions">Elementary fermions</h2></div>
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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> of <a href="Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary particles</a> of the Standard Model</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a></li>
<li><a href="Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Gauge_theory" title="Gauge theory">Gauge theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking" title="Spontaneous symmetry breaking">Spontaneous symmetry breaking</a></li>
<li><a href="Higgs_mechanism" title="Higgs mechanism">Higgs mechanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Constituents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics</a></li>
<li><a href="Cabibbo%E2%80%93Kobayashi%E2%80%93Maskawa_matrix" title="Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix">CKM matrix</a></li>
<li><a href="Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model" title="Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model">Standard Model mathematics</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Limitations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Strong_CP_problem" title="Strong CP problem">Strong CP problem</a></li>
<li><a href="Hierarchy_problem" title="Hierarchy problem">Hierarchy problem</a></li>
<li><a href="Neutrino_oscillation" title="Neutrino oscillation">Neutrino oscillations</a></li>
<li><a href="Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Physics beyond the Standard Model">Physics beyond the Standard Model</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a></li>
<li><a href="J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a></li>
<li><a href="James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li>
<li><a href="Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Bose</a></li>
<li><a href="E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">Sudarshan</a></li>
<li><a href="Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis Jr</a></li>
<li><a href="Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Anderson</a></li>
<li><a href="Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li>
<li><a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li>
<li><a href="Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li>
<li><a href="Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a></li>
<li><a href="Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li>
<li><a href="Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a></li>
<li><a href="Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a></li>
<li><a href="C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></li>
<li><a href="Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Anderson</a></li>
<li><a href="Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">Iliopoulos</a></li>
<li><a href="Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a></li>
<li><a href="Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Maiani</a></li>
<li><a href="Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Meer</a></li>
<li><a href="Clyde_Cowan" title="Clyde Cowan">Cowan</a></li>
<li><a href="Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a></li>
<li><a href="Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li>
<li><a href="Nicola_Cabibbo" title="Nicola Cabibbo">Cabibbo</a></li>
<li><a href="Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a></li>
<li><a href="Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a></li>
<li><a href="Ettore_Majorana" title="Ettore Majorana">Majorana</a></li>
<li><a href="Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li>
<li><a href="Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Lee</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Clive_Ward" title="John Clive Ward">Ward</a></li>
<li><a href="Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a></li>
<li><a href="Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a></li>
<li><a href="Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></li>
<li><a href="Robert_Mills_(physicist)" title="Robert Mills (physicist)">Mills</a></li>
<li><a href="Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Yang</a></li>
<li><a href="Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li>
<li><a href="Gerard_'t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></li>
<li><a href="Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li>
<li><a href="David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a></li>
<li><a href="Abraham_Pais" title="Abraham Pais">Pais</a></li>
<li><a href="Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li>
<li><a href="Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a></li>
<li><a href="Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li>
<li><a href="Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a></li>
<li><a href="Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li>
<li><a href="James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a></li>
<li><a href="Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Vleck</a></li>
<li><a href="Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li>
<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a></li>
<li><a href="Robert_Brout" title="Robert Brout">Brout</a></li>
<li><a href="C._R._Hagen" title="C. R. Hagen">Hagen</a></li>
<li><a href="Gerald_Guralnik" title="Gerald Guralnik">Guralnik</a></li>
<li><a href="Tom_Kibble" title="Tom Kibble">Kibble</a></li>
<li><a href="Santiago_Ant%C3%BAnez_de_Mayolo" title="Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo">de Mayolo</a></li>
<li><a href="C%C3%A9sar_Lattes" title="César Lattes">Lattes</a></li>
<li><a href="George_Zweig" title="George Zweig">Zweig</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<p>The <a href="Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> recognizes two types of elementary fermions: <a href="Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> and <a href="Lepton" title="Lepton">leptons</a>. In all, the model distinguishes 24 different fermions. There are six quarks (<a href="Up_quark" title="Up quark">up</a>, <a href="Down_quark" title="Down quark">down</a>, <a href="Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">strange</a>, <a href="Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">charm</a>, <a href="Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">bottom</a> and <a href="Top_quark" title="Top quark">top</a>), and six leptons (<a href="Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>, <a href="Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino">electron neutrino</a>, <a href="Muon" title="Muon">muon</a>, <a href="Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino">muon neutrino</a>, <a href="Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">tau</a> and <a href="Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">tau neutrino</a>), along with the corresponding <a href="Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">antiparticle</a> of each of these.
</p><p>Mathematically, there are many varieties of fermions, with the three most common types being:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Weyl_fermion" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyl fermion">Weyl fermions</a> (massless),</li>
<li><a href="Dirac_fermion" title="Dirac fermion">Dirac fermions</a> (massive), and</li>
<li><a href="Majorana_fermion" title="Majorana fermion">Majorana fermions</a> (each its own antiparticle).</li></ul>
<p>Most Standard Model fermions are believed to be Dirac fermions, although it is unknown at this time whether the <a href="Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a> are Dirac or Majorana fermions (or both). Dirac fermions can be treated as a combination of two Weyl fermions.<sup id="cite_ref-MoriiLim2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoriiLim2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106">: 106 </span></sup> In July 2015, Weyl fermions were experimentally realized in <a href="Weyl_semimetal" title="Weyl semimetal">Weyl semimetals</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composite_fermions">Composite fermions</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Spin%E2%80%93statistics_theorem#Composite_particles" title="Spin–statistics theorem">Spin–statistics theorem § Composite particles</a>, and <a href="List_of_particles#Composite_particles" title="List of particles">List of particles § Composite particles</a></div>
<p>Composite particles (such as <a href="Hadron" title="Hadron">hadrons</a>, nuclei, and atoms) can be bosons or fermions depending on their constituents. More precisely, because of the relation between spin and statistics, a particle containing an odd number of fermions is itself a fermion. It will have half-integer spin. The number of bosons within a composite particle made up of simple particles bound with a potential has no effect on whether it is a boson or a fermion.
</p><p>Examples include the following:
</p>
<ul><li>A baryon, such as the proton or neutron, contains three fermionic quarks.</li>
<li>The nucleus of a <a href="Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">carbon-13</a> atom contains six protons and seven neutrons.</li>
<li>The atom <a href="Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a> (<sup>3</sup>He) consists of two protons, one neutron, and two electrons. The <a href="Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> atom consists of one proton, one neutron, and one electron.</li></ul>
<p>The fermionic or bosonic behaviour of a composite particle is only observed when the constituent particles remain far apart. When they are close together, the spatial structure becomes important and the composite particles behave according to their constituent makeup.
</p><p>Fermions can exhibit bosonic behavior when they become bound in pairs. This is the origin of <a href="Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a> and the <a href="Superfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfluid">superfluidity</a> of helium-3. In superconducting materials, electrons interact through the exchange of <a href="Phonon" title="Phonon">phonons</a>, forming <a href="Cooper_pair" title="Cooper pair">Cooper pairs</a>, while in helium-3, the atoms interact and pair via spin fluctuations.
</p><p>The quasiparticles of the <a href="Fractional_quantum_Hall_effect" title="Fractional quantum Hall effect">fractional quantum Hall effect</a> are also known as <a href="Composite_fermions" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite fermions">composite fermions</a>; they consist of electrons with an even number of quantized vortices attached to them.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
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<ul><li><a href="Anyon" title="Anyon">Anyon</a>, 2D quasiparticles</li>
<li><a href="Chirality_(physics)" title="Chirality (physics)">Chirality (physics)</a>, left-handed and right-handed</li>
<li><a href="Fermionic_condensate" title="Fermionic condensate">Fermionic condensate</a></li>
<li><a href="Weyl_semimetal" title="Weyl semimetal">Weyl semimetal</a></li>
<li><a href="Fermionic_field" title="Fermionic field">Fermionic field</a></li>
<li><a href="Identical_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Identical particles">Identical particles</a></li>
<li><a href="Kogut%E2%80%93Susskind_fermion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kogut–Susskind fermion">Kogut–Susskind fermion</a>, a type of lattice fermion</li>
<li><a href="Majorana_fermion" title="Majorana fermion">Majorana fermion</a>, each its own antiparticle</li>
<li><a href="Parastatistics" title="Parastatistics">Parastatistics</a></li>
<li><a href="Skyrmion" title="Skyrmion">Skyrmion</a>, a hypothetical particle</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2013" class="citation journal cs1">Weiner, Richard M. (4 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.87.055003">"Spin-statistics-quantum number connection and supersymmetry"</a>. <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>87</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">055003–</span>05. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1302.0969">1302.0969</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvD..87e5003W">2013PhRvD..87e5003W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrevd.87.055003">10.1103/physrevd.87.055003</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-7998">1550-7998</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118571314">118571314</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notes on Dirac's lecture <i>Developments in Atomic Theory</i> at Le Palais de la Découverte, 6 December 1945, UKNATARCHI Dirac Papers BW83/2/257889. See note 64 on page 331 in "The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom" by Graham Farmelo</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MoriiLim2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MoriiLim2004_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMoriiLimMukherjee2004" class="citation book cs1">Morii, T.; Lim, C. S.; Mukherjee, S. N. (1 January 2004). <i>The Physics of the Standard Model and Beyond</i>. <a href="World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-981-279-560-1</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Particles_in_physics237" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Particles_in_physics237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particles in physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Up_quark" title="Up quark">Up (quark</a></li>
<li><a href="Up_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Up antiquark">antiquark)</a></li>
<li><a href="Down_quark" title="Down quark">Down (quark</a></li>
<li><a href="Down_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Down antiquark">antiquark)</a></li>
<li><a href="Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">Charm (quark</a></li>
<li><a href="Charm_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Charm antiquark">antiquark)</a></li>
<li><a href="Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">Strange (quark</a></li>
<li><a href="Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark">antiquark)</a></li>
<li><a href="Top_quark" title="Top quark">Top (quark</a></li>
<li><a href="Top_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Top antiquark">antiquark)</a></li>
<li><a href="Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">Bottom (quark</a></li>
<li><a href="Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark">antiquark)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Lepton" title="Lepton">Leptons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a></li>
<li><a href="Positron" title="Positron">Positron</a></li>
<li><a href="Muon" title="Muon">Muon</a></li>
<li><a href="Muon" title="Muon">Antimuon</a></li>
<li><a href="Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Tau</a></li>
<li><a href="Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Antitau</a></li>
<li><a href="Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a>
<ul><li><a href="Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino">Electron neutrino</a></li>
<li><a href="Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Electron antineutrino</a></li>
<li><a href="Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino">Muon neutrino</a></li>
<li><a href="Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Muon antineutrino</a></li>
<li><a href="Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">Tau neutrino</a></li>
<li><a href="Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Tau antineutrino</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Boson" title="Boson">Bosons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Photon" title="Photon">Photon</a></li>
<li><a href="Gluon" title="Gluon">Gluon</a></li>
<li><a href="W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W and Z bosons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="Scalar_boson" title="Scalar boson">Scalar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="Ghost_(physics)" title="Ghost (physics)">Ghost fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov_ghost" title="Faddeev–Popov ghost">Faddeev–Popov ghosts</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="List_of_hypothetical_particles" title="List of hypothetical particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="Superpartner" title="Superpartner">Superpartners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gauginos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Gluino" title="Gluino">Gluino</a></li>
<li><a href="Gravitino" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></li>
<li><a href="Photino" title="Photino">Photino</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a></li>
<li><a href="Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a></li>
<li><a href="Higgsino" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a></li>
<li><a href="Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a></li>
<li><a href="Sfermion" title="Sfermion">Sfermion</a> (<a href="Stop_squark" title="Stop squark">Stop squark</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a></li>
<li><a href="Curvaton" title="Curvaton">Curvaton</a></li>
<li><a href="Dilaton" title="Dilaton">Dilaton</a></li>
<li><a href="Dual_graviton" title="Dual graviton">Dual graviton</a></li>
<li><a href="Graviphoton" title="Graviphoton">Graviphoton</a></li>
<li><a href="Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li>
<li><a href="Inflaton" title="Inflaton">Inflaton</a></li>
<li><a href="Leptoquark" title="Leptoquark">Leptoquark</a></li>
<li><a href="Magnetic_monopole" title="Magnetic monopole">Magnetic monopole</a></li>
<li><a href="Majoron" title="Majoron">Majoron</a></li>
<li><a href="Majorana_fermion" title="Majorana fermion">Majorana fermion</a></li>
<li><a href="Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">Dark photon</a></li>
<li><a href="Preon" title="Preon">Preon</a></li>
<li><a href="Sterile_neutrino" title="Sterile neutrino">Sterile neutrino</a></li>
<li><a href="Tachyon" title="Tachyon">Tachyon</a></li>
<li><a href="W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" title="W′ and Z′ bosons">W′ and Z′ bosons</a></li>
<li><a href="X_and_Y_bosons" title="X and Y bosons">X and Y bosons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Bound_state" title="Bound state">Composite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hadrons64" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Nucleon" title="Nucleon">Nucleon</a>
<ul><li><a href="Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a></li>
<li><a href="Antiproton" title="Antiproton">Antiproton</a></li>
<li><a href="Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></li>
<li><a href="Antineutron" title="Antineutron">Antineutron</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Delta_baryon" title="Delta baryon">Delta baryon</a></li>
<li><a href="Lambda_baryon" title="Lambda baryon">Lambda baryon</a></li>
<li><a href="Sigma_baryon" title="Sigma baryon">Sigma baryon</a></li>
<li><a href="Xi_baryon" title="Xi baryon">Xi baryon</a></li>
<li><a href="Omega_baryon" title="Omega baryon">Omega baryon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="Meson" title="Meson">Mesons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Pion" title="Pion">Pion</a></li>
<li><a href="Rho_meson" title="Rho meson">Rho meson</a></li>
<li><a href="Eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta meson">Eta and eta prime mesons</a></li>
<li><a href="Bottom_eta_meson" title="Bottom eta meson">Bottom eta meson</a></li>
<li><a href="Phi_meson" title="Phi meson">Phi meson</a></li>
<li><a href="J/psi_meson" title="J/psi meson">J/psi meson</a></li>
<li><a href="Omega_meson" title="Omega meson">Omega meson</a></li>
<li><a href="Upsilon_meson" title="Upsilon meson">Upsilon meson</a></li>
<li><a href="Kaon" title="Kaon">Kaon</a></li>
<li><a href="B_meson" title="B meson">B meson</a></li>
<li><a href="D_meson" title="D meson">D meson</a></li>
<li><a href="Quarkonium" title="Quarkonium">Quarkonium</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="Exotic_hadron" title="Exotic hadron">Exotic hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a> (<a href="Double-charm_tetraquark" title="Double-charm tetraquark">Double-charm tetraquark</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nuclei</a></li>
<li><a href="Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a></li>
<li><a href="Exotic_atom" title="Exotic atom">Exotic atoms</a>
<ul><li><a href="Positronium" title="Positronium">Positronium</a></li>
<li><a href="Muonium" title="Muonium">Muonium</a></li>
<li><a href="Tauonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauonium">Tauonium</a></li>
<li><a href="Onium" title="Onium">Onia</a></li>
<li><a href="Pionium" title="Pionium">Pionium</a></li>
<li><a href="Protonium" title="Protonium">Protonium</a></li>
<li><a href="Antihydrogen" title="Antihydrogen">Antihydrogen</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Superatom" title="Superatom">Superatoms</a></li>
<li><a href="Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="List_of_hypothetical_particles" title="List of hypothetical particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Baryons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Hexaquark" title="Hexaquark">Hexaquark</a></li>
<li><a href="Heptaquark" title="Heptaquark">Heptaquark</a></li>
<li><a href="Skyrmion" title="Skyrmion">Skyrmion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mesons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a></li>
<li><a href="Theta_meson" title="Theta meson">Theta meson</a></li>
<li><a href="T_meson" title="T meson">T meson</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Mesonic_molecule" title="Mesonic molecule">Mesonic molecule</a></li>
<li><a href="Pomeron" title="Pomeron">Pomeron</a></li>
<li><a href="Diquark" title="Diquark">Diquark</a></li>
<li><a href="R-hadron" title="R-hadron">R-hadron</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Quasiparticle" title="Quasiparticle">Quasiparticles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Anyon" title="Anyon">Anyon</a></li>
<li><a href="Davydov_soliton" title="Davydov soliton">Davydov soliton</a></li>
<li><a href="Dropleton" title="Dropleton">Dropleton</a></li>
<li><a href="Exciton" title="Exciton">Exciton</a></li>
<li><a href="Fracton_(subdimensional_particle)" title="Fracton (subdimensional particle)">Fracton</a></li>
<li><a href="Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">Hole</a></li>
<li><a href="Magnon" title="Magnon">Magnon</a></li>
<li><a href="Phonon" title="Phonon">Phonon</a></li>
<li><a href="Plasmaron" title="Plasmaron">Plasmaron</a></li>
<li><a href="Plasmon" title="Plasmon">Plasmon</a></li>
<li><a href="Polariton" title="Polariton">Polariton</a></li>
<li><a href="Polaron" title="Polaron">Polaron</a></li>
<li><a href="Roton" title="Roton">Roton</a></li>
<li><a href="Trion_(physics)" title="Trion (physics)">Trion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_baryons" title="List of baryons">Baryons</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_mesons" title="List of mesons">Mesons</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_particles" title="List of particles">Particles</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_quasiparticles" title="List of quasiparticles">Quasiparticles</a></li>
<li><a href="Timeline_of_particle_discoveries" title="Timeline of particle discoveries">Timeline of particle discoveries</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="History_of_subatomic_physics" title="History of subatomic physics">History of subatomic physics</a>
<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_atomic_and_subatomic_physics" title="Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics">timeline</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a>
<ul><li><a href="Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model" title="Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model">mathematical formulation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">Subatomic particles</a></li>
<li><a href="Particle" title="Particle">Particles</a></li>
<li><a href="Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">Antiparticles</a></li>
<li><a href="Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li>
<li><a href="Eightfold_way_(physics)" title="Eightfold way (physics)">Eightfold way</a>
<ul><li><a href="Quark_model" title="Quark model">Quark model</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">Exotic matter</a></li>
<li><a href="Massless_particle" title="Massless particle">Massless particle</a></li>
<li><a href="Relativistic_particle" title="Relativistic particle">Relativistic particle</a></li>
<li><a href="Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">Virtual particle</a></li>
<li><a href="Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">Wave–particle duality</a></li>
<li><a href="Particle_chauvinism" title="Particle chauvinism">Particle chauvinism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="Portal%3APhysics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Standard_Model377" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Standard_Model377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge boson</a></li>
<li><a href="Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Gauge_theory" title="Gauge theory">Gauge theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">Strong interaction</a>
<ul><li><a href="Color_charge" title="Color charge">Color charge</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics</a></li>
<li><a href="Quark_model" title="Quark model">Quark model</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a>
<ul><li><a href="Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">Weak interaction</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">Quantum electrodynamics</a></li>
<li><a href="Fermi's_interaction" title="Fermi's interaction">Fermi's interaction</a></li>
<li><a href="Weak_hypercharge" title="Weak hypercharge">Weak hypercharge</a></li>
<li><a href="Weak_isospin" title="Weak isospin">Weak isospin</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cabibbo%E2%80%93Kobayashi%E2%80%93Maskawa_matrix" title="Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix">CKM matrix</a></li>
<li><a href="Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking" title="Spontaneous symmetry breaking">Spontaneous symmetry breaking</a></li>
<li><a href="Higgs_mechanism" title="Higgs mechanism">Higgs mechanism</a></li>
<li><a href="Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model" title="Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model">Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Physics beyond the Standard Model">Beyond the<br>Standard Model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evidence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Hierarchy_problem" title="Hierarchy problem">Hierarchy problem</a></li>
<li><a href="Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li>
<li><a href="Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">Cosmological constant</a>
<ul><li><a href="Cosmological_constant_problem" title="Cosmological constant problem">problem</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="CP_violation" title="CP violation">Strong CP problem</a></li>
<li><a href="Neutrino_oscillation" title="Neutrino oscillation">Neutrino oscillation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Technicolor_(physics)" title="Technicolor (physics)">Technicolor</a></li>
<li><a href="Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Grand_Unified_Theory" title="Grand Unified Theory">Grand Unified Theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">Supersymmetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model" title="Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model">MSSM</a></li>
<li><a href="Next-to-Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model" title="Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model">NMSSM</a></li>
<li><a href="Split_supersymmetry" title="Split supersymmetry">Split supersymmetry</a></li>
<li><a href="Supergravity" title="Supergravity">Supergravity</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Superstring_theory" title="Superstring theory">Superstring theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">Loop quantum gravity</a></li>
<li><a href="Causal_dynamical_triangulation" title="Causal dynamical triangulation">Causal dynamical triangulation</a></li>
<li><a href="Canonical_quantum_gravity" title="Canonical quantum gravity">Canonical quantum gravity</a></li>
<li><a href="Superfluid_vacuum_theory" title="Superfluid vacuum theory">Superfluid vacuum theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Twistor_theory" title="Twistor theory">Twistor theory</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Laboratori_Nazionali_del_Gran_Sasso" title="Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso">Gran Sasso</a></li>
<li><a href="India-based_Neutrino_Observatory" title="India-based Neutrino Observatory">INO</a></li>
<li><a href="Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">LHC</a></li>
<li><a href="Sudbury_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Sudbury Neutrino Observatory">SNO</a></li>
<li><a href="Super-Kamiokande" title="Super-Kamiokande">Super-K</a></li>
<li><a href="Tevatron" title="Tevatron">Tevatron</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Standard_Model_(physics)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Standard Model (physics)">Commons</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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